Event Related Brain Oscillation
Event related brain oscillations (ERBOs) are rhythmic patterns of electrical activity in the brain that are time-locked to specific internal or external events. These oscillations, often measured using techniques like electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG), reflect the synchronized firing of neuronal populations as the brain processes information, responds to stimuli, or prepares for actions. They are typically categorized by their frequency bands, such as theta, alpha, beta, and gamma rhythms, each associated with different cognitive states and functions.
Biological Basis
Section titled “Biological Basis”The generation of event-related brain oscillations involves the coordinated activity of large networks of neurons, particularly pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex. The precise timing and synchrony of these neuronal ensembles are influenced by complex interactions between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter systems, as well as the properties of various ion channels. Different frequency bands are thought to underlie distinct brain processes; for instance, theta rhythms are often associated with memory encoding and retrieval, while gamma oscillations are linked to active processing and conscious perception. Genetic factors can influence these fundamental neural processes, as evidenced by observations such as altered theta rhythms in knockout mice.[1] Furthermore, specific genetic variants, including those in regulatory regions, have been associated with aspects of brain activity, such as “event duration” in sleep-related contexts.[1]For example, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) likers6140722 , rs74472562 , rs4849682 , and rs35329661 have been identified in regions that overlap promoter, enhancer, or DNase I hypersensitivity marks, including those active in central nervous system-related cell lines.[1] These regulatory regions can influence gene expression, which in turn affects neuronal function and oscillatory patterns. A locus including PLCB1 was also among the strongest regions in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of insomnia.[1]
Clinical Relevance
Section titled “Clinical Relevance”Abnormalities in event-related brain oscillations are implicated in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, making them valuable biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring treatment efficacy. For example, disruptions in specific oscillatory patterns are observed in conditions like epilepsy, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Studies have also explored genetic associations with traits that involve brain activity during events, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), where variants likers6140722 have shown modest associations with event duration.[1]Understanding these genetic influences on ERBOs can contribute to identifying individuals at risk and developing targeted interventions. Genetic variations associated with brain health, such as those linked to small vessel stroke or white matter hyperintensity volumes.[2] may indirectly influence the integrity and function of neural circuits responsible for generating oscillations. Additionally, genetic variants influencing gene expression in brain-derived tissues have been identified.[3] further highlighting the genetic underpinnings of brain function.
Social Importance
Section titled “Social Importance”The study of event-related brain oscillations holds significant social importance by advancing our understanding of both healthy brain function and the mechanisms underlying various brain disorders. By elucidating the genetic and physiological basis of these oscillations, researchers can pave the way for more precise diagnostic tools and personalized therapeutic strategies. Insights gained from ERBO research can also inform public health initiatives, educational practices, and the development of brain-computer interfaces. The identification of genetic variants that influence brain oscillations, some of which are located in known regulatory regions or affect gene expression in brain tissues.[1] underscores the complex interplay between genetics and brain function. This knowledge contributes to a broader societal goal of improving mental health, cognitive performance, and overall quality of life.
Methodological and Statistical Challenges in Genetic Studies
Section titled “Methodological and Statistical Challenges in Genetic Studies”Studies investigating neurobiological substrates through genetic approaches often face challenges related to sample size, frequently resulting in insufficient statistical power to detect associations at genome-wide significance, particularly for complex traits or rare subgroups.[4] Initial findings may also suffer from inflated effect sizes due to sampling error, which frequently diminishes in subsequent replications.[5] Consequently, a lack of independent replication for novel associations remains a significant hurdle, making it difficult to distinguish true genetic signals from chance findings and requiring further evidence to confirm discoveries.[2] The analytical approaches employed in large-scale genetic studies can introduce various constraints, such as the exclusion of variants with low effective allele counts or frequencies, which might mask genuine associations.[6] While efforts like gene-based analysis across independent datasets can mitigate the risk of false positives, the possibility of both false-positive and false-negative findings persists, even with stringent control measures.[7] Furthermore, inconsistencies can arise between different analytical methods, highlighting the complexity of interpreting diverse GWAS results and the need for careful methodological consideration.[8]
Generalizability and Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Neurobiological Research
Section titled “Generalizability and Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Neurobiological Research”A significant limitation in genetic research of neurobiological traits is the predominant focus on populations of European ancestry, which restricts the generalizability of findings to more diverse genetic backgrounds.[4] Differences in ethnicity across combined cohorts, even when accounted for in analyses, can contribute to phenotypic variability and potentially alter study outcomes.[7] Such variability, alongside differing severity scores or educational backgrounds within study populations, underscores the need for broader and more representative sample inclusion to enhance the applicability of genetic discoveries.[4] The precise definition and of complex neurobiological traits present inherent challenges, as demonstrated by the use of potentially conservative thresholds for characterizing impairments or reliance solely on specific data types, such as cognitive assessments.[4] Furthermore, neurocognitive outcomes can be influenced by practice or placebo effects, including expectation bias, which may confound genetically mediated abilities, making it difficult to isolate specific genetic contributions to the observed phenotype.[5] These issues emphasize the need for robust and standardized phenotyping methods across studies to ensure consistent and reliable interpretation of genetic associations.
Environmental Confounding and Unexplored Genetic Complexity
Section titled “Environmental Confounding and Unexplored Genetic Complexity”Genetic studies of neurobiological phenotypes often struggle to fully capture the intricate interplay of gene-by-environment effects that shape complex traits and disease risk.[9] Crucial environmental influences, such as prenatal conditions or early life adversity, are frequently not addressed, yet they can significantly aggravate morphological risk patterns or alter results without being directly reflected in genetic associations.[9] These undetected environmental factors may profoundly influence biological substrates beyond additive genetic effects, necessitating longitudinal studies to disentangle their complex relationships.[9] Despite observations of substantial heritability for many neurobiological traits, current genome-wide association studies often fail to identify genetic variants that explain the full extent of this heritability, indicating a gap in our understanding of complex genetic architectures.[8]This “missing heritability” suggests that current models may not adequately capture non-additive or interactive genetic effects, which are critical for fully explaining trait variation and disease risk.[9] Future research must therefore adopt more sophisticated models to explore these complex relationships, moving beyond simple additive genetic effects to reveal the complete genetic landscape.
Variants
Section titled “Variants”Genetic variations play a crucial role in shaping biological processes, including brain function and the generation of event-related brain oscillations. The interplay of several genes and their specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can influence neural pathways and contribute to individual differences in cognitive and behavioral traits. These variants can affect gene expression, protein function, and cellular signaling, ultimately impacting the precise timing and coordination of neuronal activity necessary for brain oscillations.
The gene ARID5A (AT-rich interaction domain 5A) is involved in regulating gene expression, particularly in immune responses and stress pathways, by influencing mRNA stability. Its partner, KANSL3 (KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 3), is part of a complex that helps organize chromatin structure and regulate gene transcription, a fundamental process for cellular identity and function in all tissues, including the brain. The variant *rs4907240 *, located near or within these genes, may alter their regulatory elements, potentially affecting the precise control of gene activity. Such alterations could impact neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, or the homeostatic regulation of neural circuits, thereby influencing the patterns of electrical activity observed as event-related brain oscillations.[10] Changes in gene expression, particularly in the cerebellum, are known to be affected by genetic variants, highlighting a mechanism through which *rs4907240 * could exert its influence.[10] Another significant gene, GNAS (G protein alpha stimulating subunit), provides instructions for making a protein that is a key component of G-protein signaling pathways. These pathways are fundamental to how cells respond to external signals, including neurotransmitters and hormones, and are critical for a wide range of physiological processes throughout the body and especially in the brain. The variant *rs13831 * within or near _GNAS_ could modify the efficiency or sensitivity of this signaling cascade. Given that G-protein coupled receptors are deeply involved in modulating neuronal excitability, synaptic strength, and the regulation of ion channels, alterations due to *rs13831 * could affect how neurons integrate information and fire, thereby impacting the timing and amplitude of event-related brain oscillations.[11] Such genetic influences on central nervous system (CNS) activity have been linked to various episodic disturbances and conditions, reinforcing the idea that subtle changes in fundamental signaling can have broad neural impacts.[11] Finally, ANXA13 (Annexin A13) belongs to the annexin family of proteins, which are known for their calcium-dependent binding to phospholipids and their roles in membrane trafficking, exocytosis, and endocytosis. In the nervous system, these processes are vital for neurotransmitter release, synaptic vesicle recycling, and maintaining neuronal membrane integrity. The variant *rs2294015 * in the _ANXA13_gene could potentially alter the protein’s function or expression, influencing these critical membrane-associated activities. Disruptions in membrane dynamics or calcium signaling due to*rs2294015 * might affect the speed and efficiency of neuronal communication, which in turn could perturb the synchronized activity of neuronal networks necessary for generating stable event-related brain oscillations. These types of regulatory changes, including those affecting enhancer and promoter marks in central nervous system-related cell lines, are known mechanisms through which genetic variants can influence complex traits.[1]The researchs studies do not contain any information regarding ‘event related brain oscillation’. Therefore, a Classification, Definition, and Terminology section for this trait cannot be generated from the given context.
Key Variants
Section titled “Key Variants”| RS ID | Gene | Related Traits |
|---|---|---|
| rs4907240 | ARID5A - KANSL3 | event-related brain oscillation |
| rs13831 | GNAS | event-related brain oscillation colorectal cancer uric acid |
| rs2294015 | ANXA13 | event-related brain oscillation |
Neural and Structural Foundations of Brain Function
Section titled “Neural and Structural Foundations of Brain Function”The human cerebral cortex is the primary site for higher-order cognitive functions and the generation of complex neural activity, including event-related brain oscillations. Its global and regional development, influenced by molecular architecture, lays the foundation for specific occupational aptitudes and overall brain function.[12] Variations in brain structure, such as brain ventricular volume, are also important indicators of brain health and can be influenced by genetic factors, with genome-wide association studies identifying specific loci associated with these volumes.[13] These macroscopic structures house the intricate neural networks whose coordinated activity gives rise to the brain’s electrical rhythms, essential for information processing and communication.
Genetic Modulators of Brain Health and Disease
Section titled “Genetic Modulators of Brain Health and Disease”The intricate processes governing brain function, including the generation and modulation of event-related brain oscillations, are significantly shaped by genetic mechanisms. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous genetic loci and common variants that confer risk for a range of neurological and psychiatric conditions, implicitly influencing the integrity and function of neural circuits. For instance, common variants have been associated with schizophrenia.[14] while specific loci are linked to brain ventricular volume.[13]and various stroke subtypes.[15] These genetic findings highlight the role of underlying gene functions, regulatory elements, and gene expression patterns in maintaining brain health and influencing its electrical activity.
Further research has uncovered susceptibility variants for conditions like benign childhood epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes (BECTS).[16] and migraine.[17] demonstrating a polygenic influence on brain disorders that likely impact oscillatory patterns. The identification of polygenic risk and brain expression effects in conditions such as REM sleep behavior disorder further underscores how genetic variations can alter specific biological pathways within the brain, thereby affecting its rhythmic activity and overall neurological function.[18] These genetic insights provide a foundation for understanding the molecular architecture that underpins both typical and atypical brain oscillations.
Developmental and Homeostatic Regulation
Section titled “Developmental and Homeostatic Regulation”The proper development of the human cerebral cortex is crucial for establishing the complex neural networks that support sophisticated brain functions, including the capacity for event-related brain oscillations. This developmental trajectory, guided by specific molecular architectures, influences the formation of neural circuits and their functional aptitudes throughout life.[12] Beyond development, the brain actively maintains homeostasis, a dynamic equilibrium essential for stable neural activity and preventing dysregulation of its electrical rhythms. Disruptions to these homeostatic processes, often influenced by genetic predispositions or environmental factors, can contribute to the onset and progression of neurological conditions.
The brain’s ability to regulate its internal environment and adapt to challenges is vital for maintaining consistent oscillatory activity. When these regulatory networks are compromised, for example through genetic vulnerabilities, it can lead to imbalances that manifest as altered brain rhythms. Understanding the interplay between genetic factors, developmental milestones, and homeostatic mechanisms is key to comprehending the resilience and vulnerability of brain oscillations to various stressors and disease states.
Pathophysiological Context of Brain Disorders
Section titled “Pathophysiological Context of Brain Disorders”Dysregulated brain activity, including alterations in event-related brain oscillations, is a common feature across a spectrum of neurological and psychiatric disorders, often stemming from complex pathophysiological processes. Genetic predispositions play a significant role in susceptibility to these conditions, with numerous genome-wide association studies identifying specific loci associated with increased risk. For example, common variants are implicated in schizophrenia.[14]while distinct genetic associations have been found for various forms of stroke.[15] and migraine.[17]These genetic insights point to underlying disease mechanisms that perturb normal neural circuit function.
Further genetic studies have identified genomic associations for cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease.[19] polygenic risk for REM sleep behavior disorder.[18]and susceptibility variants for benign childhood epilepsy.[16] and tinnitus.[20] Even conditions like tuberculous meningitis have genetic susceptibility factors.[21] indicating systemic effects that can impact brain function. The presence of genetic links to brain structural changes, such as brain ventricular volume.[13] further suggests that these pathophysiological processes involve widespread disruptions to brain architecture and cellular function, ultimately impacting the brain’s capacity to generate and regulate its rhythmic electrical activity.
Genetic Regulation of Circadian Rhythms and Brain Timing
Section titled “Genetic Regulation of Circadian Rhythms and Brain Timing”The precise timing of brain activity, including event-related brain oscillations, is heavily influenced by the mammalian molecular clockwork, which controls the rhythmic expression of its own input pathway components.[22] This intricate system involves a network of genes that regulate daily physiological and behavioral rhythms. Key among these are genes such as mPer2, Mop3, and mPer3, which have been identified as essential components of the master circadian pacemaker, with mPer2 and mPer3 playing nonredundant roles in maintaining these rhythms.[23] Furthermore, the orphan nuclear receptor REV-ERBalpha plays a crucial role in controlling circadian transcription within the positive limb of this mammalian clock, illustrating complex transcriptional regulation and feedback loops that ensure rhythmic biological processes.[23] While the CLOCK gene was once considered central, studies suggest it is not strictly required for circadian oscillator function, indicating the presence of redundant or alternative regulatory mechanisms within this sophisticated timing system.[22]
Ion Channel Function and Neuronal Excitability
Section titled “Ion Channel Function and Neuronal Excitability”The generation and modulation of event-related brain oscillations fundamentally rely on the precise function of ion channels, which dictate neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. For example, the structural basis of ryanodine receptor ion channel function has been characterized, highlighting its role in regulating intracellular calcium dynamics.[22] Although the specific contribution of ryanodine receptors to event-related brain oscillations is not explicitly detailed, their general involvement in ion flux is a critical mechanism for controlling neuronal firing patterns and the synchronized activity necessary for oscillations. This regulation of ion flow enables neurons to integrate incoming signals effectively and contribute to the synchronized electrical rhythms observed across various brain networks.
Systems-Level Integration of Sleep and Brain Rhythms
Section titled “Systems-Level Integration of Sleep and Brain Rhythms”Event-related brain oscillations are an emergent property of complex neuronal networks, deeply integrated with broader systems-level processes, particularly those governing sleep and wakefulness. Genetic loci identified through genome-wide association studies for self-reported habitual sleep duration, supported by accelerometer-derived estimates, underscore the significant genetic contributions to these fundamental biological rhythms.[24] The genetic architecture of sleep health scores, which encompass elements like hypersomnolence and circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, further points to extensive network interactions that shape overall brain function and its oscillatory dynamics.[25] These integrated systems ensure that brain oscillations are not isolated events but rather coordinated activities that reflect and regulate behavioral states, cognitive processing, and physiological functions throughout the day and night.
Pathophysiological Modulations and Clinical Implications
Section titled “Pathophysiological Modulations and Clinical Implications”Dysregulation within the pathways that govern brain oscillations can lead to various neurological and psychiatric conditions, highlighting their clinical significance. Genome-wide association studies have revealed polygenic risk and brain expression effects associated with REM sleep behavior disorder, demonstrating how genetic predispositions can alter the underlying brain activity patterns during sleep.[18] Similarly, the frequent association of sleep disturbances with depressive disorders suggests a common underlying dysregulation in the neural circuits and oscillatory patterns that control both mood and sleep.[22] Identifying these disrupted pathways provides crucial insights into the pathophysiology of such conditions, offering potential targets for therapeutic interventions aimed at restoring balanced brain oscillations and improving patient outcomes.
Genetic Markers for Prognosis and Risk Stratification in Neurological Conditions
Section titled “Genetic Markers for Prognosis and Risk Stratification in Neurological Conditions”Understanding the genetic underpinnings of neurological outcomes holds significant prognostic value, enabling the prediction of disease progression and long-term implications for patient care. For instance, specific genetic variants, such as low frequency variants inPATJ, have been identified as being associated with worse functional outcomes after ischemic stroke.[26]Similarly, genome-wide association studies have revealed genetic loci impacting overall functional outcome following ischemic stroke, assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), which can help identify individuals at higher risk for poorer recovery.[27] These genetic insights are crucial for risk stratification, allowing clinicians to identify high-risk individuals who may benefit from intensified monitoring or tailored preventive strategies. The identification of genetic drivers for traits like von Willebrand Factor (vWF) levels, which are linked to recurrent stroke risk, further exemplifies how genetic markers can refine individual risk assessment and guide personalized medicine approaches aimed at preventing future cerebrovascular events.[28]
Diagnostic Utility and Treatment Guidance for Cerebrovascular Disease
Section titled “Diagnostic Utility and Treatment Guidance for Cerebrovascular Disease”Genetic discoveries offer substantial clinical applications in diagnosing and managing cerebrovascular diseases. Genetic variation at loci like 16q24.2has been associated with specific stroke subtypes, such as small vessel stroke.[29]and broader genome-wide association studies have pinpointed multiple loci linked to ischemic stroke and its subtypes.[30]This diagnostic utility can enhance the precision of stroke subtyping, which is critical for selecting appropriate treatment and prevention strategies. Furthermore, genetic associations with cerebral white matter hyperintensities in stroke patients provide avenues for monitoring disease progression and assessing treatment efficacy.[31] Integrating these genetic markers into clinical practice can lead to more informed treatment selection, facilitating personalized medicine by matching therapies to a patient’s genetic profile and predicted response.
Interplay of Genetic Factors in Comorbid Neurological and Vascular Phenotypes
Section titled “Interplay of Genetic Factors in Comorbid Neurological and Vascular Phenotypes”The complex interplay of genetic factors often links seemingly distinct neurological and vascular conditions, revealing important comorbidities and overlapping phenotypes. Multi-phenotype analyses have uncovered novel genetic associations between hemostatic traits and cardiovascular events, highlighting shared genetic predispositions that can lead to complications across systems.[32]Beyond stroke, genetic studies have identified loci associated with brain ventricular volume, a structural marker that can reflect broader brain health and disease processes.[13]Moreover, genetic data contribute to defining subgroups within complex conditions like late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting shared or predisposing genetic backgrounds for various neurodegenerative processes.[4] Understanding these genetic associations can improve risk assessment for related conditions and inform comprehensive patient care strategies for individuals presenting with syndromic presentations or multiple vascular and neurological risk factors.
Frequently Asked Questions About Event Related Brain Oscillation
Section titled “Frequently Asked Questions About Event Related Brain Oscillation”These questions address the most important and specific aspects of event related brain oscillation based on current genetic research.
1. Why do some people remember things better than me?
Section titled “1. Why do some people remember things better than me?”Your brain’s ability to form and recall memories is closely tied to specific brainwave patterns, like theta rhythms. Genetic variations can influence how efficiently your brain generates these rhythms, affecting your memory encoding and retrieval compared to others.
2. Does my family history of sleep issues affect my brain activity?
Section titled “2. Does my family history of sleep issues affect my brain activity?”Yes, genetic factors can certainly play a role. Specific genetic variants have been linked to “event duration” during sleep, which influences how your brain processes events while you rest. A locus including PLCB1 was also identified in a study on insomnia, suggesting genetic influences on your brain’s sleep patterns.
3. Why do I sometimes have trouble focusing on tasks?
Section titled “3. Why do I sometimes have trouble focusing on tasks?”Your brain’s ability to focus involves specific oscillatory patterns, particularly gamma rhythms, which are linked to active processing and conscious perception. Genetic variations can affect the neuronal networks responsible for generating these rhythms, potentially making sustained focus harder for you.
4. Can my genes make me more prone to “brain fog” days?
Section titled “4. Can my genes make me more prone to “brain fog” days?”Yes, they can. Event-related brain oscillations reflect how your brain processes information, and their efficiency can be influenced by your genetic makeup. Variations in genes affecting neurotransmitter systems or ion channels can lead to less optimal brain activity, potentially contributing to feelings of “brain fog.”
5. Does my family’s health history mean my brain will age differently?
Section titled “5. Does my family’s health history mean my brain will age differently?”It’s possible. Genetic variations associated with overall brain health, such as those linked to small vessel stroke or white matter hyperintensity volumes, can indirectly impact the integrity of your neural circuits. These circuits are crucial for generating brain oscillations, so your genetic background might influence your brain’s long-term function.
6. Why do some people react quicker to things than I do?
Section titled “6. Why do some people react quicker to things than I do?”Your reaction time involves how quickly your brain processes a stimulus and prepares an action, which is reflected in event-related brain oscillations. Genetic differences can influence the speed and synchrony of neuronal firing, potentially affecting how rapidly your brain processes information and responds.
7. Could my genes affect how well I learn new things?
Section titled “7. Could my genes affect how well I learn new things?”Absolutely. Learning new information relies on your brain’s ability to encode and process new data, often involving specific brainwave patterns like theta rhythms. Genetic factors can influence the efficiency of these fundamental neural processes, affecting your capacity for learning.
8. Is it true that my ethnic background affects my brain’s activity patterns?
Section titled “8. Is it true that my ethnic background affects my brain’s activity patterns?”Yes, research suggests it can. Genetic studies have found associations with brain activity traits across different populations, such as Hispanic/Latino Americans. These variations can influence regulatory regions that affect gene expression in the brain, subtly shaping your unique brain oscillation patterns.
9. Why does my brain feel “off” sometimes even when I get enough sleep?
Section titled “9. Why does my brain feel “off” sometimes even when I get enough sleep?”Even with adequate sleep, your brain’s fundamental electrical activity, or oscillations, can be influenced by your genetics. Specific genetic variants, like rs6140722 , have been associated with “event duration” in sleep-related contexts, meaning your brain might process events differently even during rest, leading to subtle functional differences.
10. Can genetic tests tell me if I’m at higher risk for certain brain issues?
Section titled “10. Can genetic tests tell me if I’m at higher risk for certain brain issues?”While genetic tests can identify predispositions, the full picture is complex. Abnormalities in brain oscillations are linked to conditions like ADHD or Alzheimer’s. Identifying genetic variants that influence these oscillations could help assess risk, but it’s typically part of a broader clinical evaluation.
This FAQ was automatically generated based on current genetic research and may be updated as new information becomes available.
Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare provider for personalized medical guidance.
References
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[3] Hallfors, Jenni, et al. “Genome-wide association study in Finnish twins highlights the connection between nicotine addiction and neurotrophin signaling pathway.” Addiction Biology, vol. 23, no. 5, 2018, pp. 1040-1051.
[4] Mukherjee, S. et al. “Genetic data and cognitively defined late-onset Alzheimer’s disease subgroups.”Mol Psychiatry, vol. 24, no. 10, 2019, pp. 1475-1484.
[5] McClay, JL., et al. “Genome-wide pharmacogenomic study of neurocognition as an indicator of antipsychotic treatment response in schizophrenia.”Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 36, no. 2, 2011, pp. 493-502.
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[11] Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. “Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls.” Nature, vol. 447, no. 7145, 2007, pp. 661-678.
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[13] Vojinovic, D. et al. “Genome-wide association study of 23,500 individuals identifies 7 loci associated with brain ventricular volume.” Nat Commun, vol. 9, no. 1, 2018, p. 3948.
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[17] Gormley, P. et al. “Meta-analysis of 375,000 individuals identifies 38 susceptibility loci for migraine.” Nat Genet, vol. 48, no. 8, 2016, pp. 886-897.
[18] Krohn, L. et al. “Genome-wide association study of REM sleep behavior disorder identifies polygenic risk and brain expression effects.” Nat Commun, vol. 13, no. 1, 2022, p. 7488.
[19] Park, K. W. et al. “Genomic Association Study for Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease.”Front Neurol, vol. 11, 2021, p. 579268.
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[23] Jones, Susan E., et al. “Genome-Wide Association Analyses in 128,266 Individuals Identifies New Morningness and Sleep Duration Loci.” PLoS Genetics, vol. 12, no. 8, 2016, e1006123.
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[29] Traylor, M. et al. “Genetic variation at 16q24.2 is associated with small vessel stroke.”Ann Neurol, vol. 81, no. 1, 2017, pp. 111-122.
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